Position Paper

Security Council Child Soldiers United States King High School Background Thousands of youngsters are filling in as fighters in outfitted clashes the world over. Young men and young ladies serve in government powers and equipped restriction gatherings. They may battle as forefront soldiers, self destruction aircraft, mine sweepers, sex slaves, and spies. Many are stole or selected forcibly, while others join intentionally, accepting that furnished gatherings offer their most obvious opportunity for survival.We are attempting to forestall the utilization of kid warriors and to consider responsible the individuals who send youngsters to battle. It undermines the center of the United Nations, and the core of our reality's future: Children. The US Child Soldiers Prevention Act restricts the US government from giving US outside military financing, military preparing, and a few different classifications of US military help to governments utilizing kid warriors. Activities National Actions Child fighters are not an issue in the United States. The U. S. overnment as of now gives military help to five of the six governments embroiled in kid fighter use. From 2001 the USA contributed $34 million to help projects to forestall the enlistment and utilization of youngster fighters and to deactivate and reintegrate kid warriors, including $10 million through the US Agency for International Development and $24 million through the US Department of Labor. In 2008, Senators Richard Durbin and Sam Brownback presented the Child Soldier Prevention Act, which is a bill to reduce U. S. ilitary help to governments that neglect to find a way to retire and quit selecting youngsters into the military or government-bolstered civilian armies. Under this bill, nations that find a way to deactivate kid troopers are qualified for specific types of help to help professionalize their powers and guarantee that U. S. citizen dollars are not used to back the misuse of youngsters in equipped clash. Universal Actions The United States has done numerous worldwide activities to forestall empowering the utilization of kids being utilized as soldiers.In April 2007 the Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2007 was brought into Congress. It would limit US military help to governments associated with the enlistment or utilization of youngster fighters. In April 2007 the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law held a meeting to consider the Child Soldier Prevention Act, obstructions confronting previous kid troopers looking for refuge in the USA, and ways for the USA to address youngster selection representatives from different nations who went to the USA. In October 2007 the Child Soldier Accountability Act was brought into Congress.It would correct the US criminal code to permit the arraignment of people who have enlisted or utilized youngster troopers, regardless of whether in the United States or somewhere else. â€Å"The Child Soldiers Prevention Act can squeeze gove rnments to quit utilizing youngster soldiers,† Joe Becker said. â€Å"Obama needs to give less waivers to nations manhandling their kids thusly. † On October 4, 2011, the Obama organization reported waivers to the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, permitting military help to Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Yemen in spite of the proceeded with utilization of kids in their outfitted forces.The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a human rights settlement that sets up the common, political, monetary, social, and social privileges of youngsters. It additionally characterizes kids as being younger than 18. The United States is the main nation on the planet, except for Somalia, that has not sanctioned it. In 2002, in any case, the U. S. endorsed the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the inclusion of kids in furnished clash, which forestalls the enlistment of military staff under the time of 18.Much work stays to be finished by the U. S. government on the privileges of the youngster, especially on the security of kids in equipped clashes. There was a goals embraced by the General Assembly in 1999 on November 11 named â€Å"Resolution on the Use of Children as Soldiers. † Recommendation for Action Citizens for Global Solutions are focused on accomplishing more noteworthy commitment by the U. S. government to start to lead the pack of universal undertakings to secure future generations.Also, Child Soldiers International‘s site has a spot for gift to end the enrollment of youngsters as kid troopers. There is foundation data and everything about the issue to teach the donators and watchers seeing the site. The Obama organization chose to absolve Yemen and three different nations that utilization kid officers from U. S. punishments under the 2008 Child Soldiers Prevention Act. The Invisible Children was established to stop Joseph Kony called Kony 2012 and the United States was engaged with it as we ll. President Obama gave a bill to help stop Joseph Kony for equity. Position paper The legislature of Nigeria has faith in the security of the enthusiasm of the kids. Shockingly, one can see the utilization of kid officers in Nigeria. Why there is the issue of kid troopers in Nigeria? During the nineteenth century and twentieth century there have been interstate clashes in the African mainland. This prompted the utilization of youngsters as the troopers in the fighting. There are numerous purposes behind the wars battled between various conditions of Africa. Two significant reasons for the wars are neediness and vagrant rates. (Reich and Acharina, 2005) actually, the investigation of UNICEF information uncovers that in Africa there is the most extreme utilization of kid fighters in the wars.It is realized that 40 percent of the world kid warriors are found in the African landmass. All the nations of the African landmass especially the underdeveloped nations are seriously influenced by the kid officer issue which is found in a poor nation like Nigeria. As of late, g lobal network has reacted to this rising issue. Extraordinary powers, for example, USA and UK have restricted the utilization of youngster officers in wars. Indeed, worldwide network has been stunned by the degree of the utilization of youngsters as fighters which has influenced the eventual fate of the offspring of Nigeria.UNO has paid attention to this difficult which is demonstrated by the way that UNO has comprised boards of trustees to screen the degree of the utilization of the kid warriors in the wars especially in the African mainland. The utilization of youngster fighters can be found in the African nations, for example, Nigeria, Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.  The Nigerian government is additionally mindful of the way that there is have to ensure the privileges of the youngsters. Anyway because of financial backwardness, there has been development in the utilization of the kids as fighters. Clearly, this prompted death toll of numerous youngsters. In any case, it is discovered that because of food deficiency and absence of beneficial assets, the guardians are compelled to send their kids to help the military of their country. Subsequently, neediness of the underdeveloped countries is the fundamental driver of the interest of youngsters in wars.(Reich and Acharina, 2005)UNO and the different offices of UNO, for example, UNICEF have paid attention to this issue of kid warriors. UNO was at first engaged with this issue trying to determine the interstate clashes in Africa. Notwithstanding, later it was known to the UNO individuals with respect to the effect of the utilization of kids on the offspring of Africa and the global network. So as to counter this issue, UNO has communicated its disappointment through the different meetings and by distributing reports concerning the endeavors of the individual countries to check the main driver of the children’s support in the wars.In 1999, the alliance powers chose to distribute an overall report with respect to the predicament of the kids as troopers.  In reality, UNO has asked all the part countries to ensure the privileges of the kids. As of late, Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General has encouraged the Security Council to force authorizes on the countries enjoying the utilization of youngster fighters in the wars prompting the infringement of the universal law. The alliance powers have chosen to deny the utilization of youngsters as troopers. The UNO noticed that in excess of 250000 kids are utilized as warriors. The proposed sanctions remember boycott for the offer of weapons, authorizes on monetary help, thus on.The UNO has likewise encouraged the NGOs partaking in this enemy of kid fighter strategy to actualize the approach choices on the UNO which has been talked about in the different gatherings and UNO distributions. The UNO councils on the kids issues have presented their reports in regards to the situation of the youngsters in the immature nations. The burden of assents is relied upon to control the quantity of the youngster warriors in the nations, for example, Nigeria. In any case, the UN report noticed that there has been decrease in the quantity of kid troopers around the world. The UNO additionally chose to give money related and different sorts of help to the poor nations to help control destitution so that there would be decline in the quantity of youngsters utilized in the fighting. The UN Under-Secretary Olara Otunnu likewise accepted that youngsters ought to be shielded from military induction. (Africa Renewal, 2005) truth be told, the UNO individuals have encouraged the various countries to build the base enrollment age to 18 years. (Maslen, 2002)The UNO recommendations in regards to the insurance of the children’s rights have been executed by the vast majority of the African nations including Nigeria. Truth be told, enactments have been passed by Nigeria to control the frequency of the utilization of the kid troopers in the wars. In spite of the fact that, till 2002 Nigeria didn't sign ‘the African sanction on the rights and government assistance of child’, the legislature has upheld the willful enrollment of the fighters as there is no induction in Nigeria. Least age for the enlistment of the deliberate warriors is 18 years. The Nigerian youth have taken an interest in the

Birmingham International Airport Essay

In the space of only 30 minutes each weekday, around 5.00 at night, around 20 flights show up and leave from the Eurohub Terminal. Simultaneously, airplane are showing up and leaving from the Main Terminal close to the Eurohub. Over the runway and sections of land of landing area, at the site of the first air terminal, the overnight cargo activity is simply starting to wake up with the appearance of staff and the arrangements for the main airplane from Europe or the United States. A portion of the 7,000 staff from the 150 associations based at Birmingham International Airport (BIA) see to the necessities of their clients. The things taking care of activity is arranging, handling and dispatching packs to the many leaving airplane. The ground teams are stacking and emptying airplane, putting suppers ready, filling the fuel tanks and cleaning airplane during their concise spell at the airbridge. The airlines’ tagging sets up are managing lines of travelers, every one of whom may have an alternate last goal. The data work area is completely staffed, managing the numerous questions, for example, individuals needing to know whether their plane is on schedule, the area of a bank or lodging, or attempting to turn out to be the way to get by street or rail to their last goal. Travelers move through the parlors, identification control and security checks, and use toilets, obligation free shops and cafés, all of which must be saved spotless and loaded for their benefit. These exercises, and then some, are facilitated by BIA’s Operations Director, Richard Heard. Richard clarifies his job: ‘Out of the considerable number of individuals that work at the air terminal, BIA utilizes around 700 and I supervise around 600 of them. These tasks individuals are fundamentally worried about the everyday running of the air terminal and the short and medium-term operational arranging. This remembers an entire pontoon of things for the landing strip and in and around the terminals. The landing strip side of things basically includes keeping up the runways, concurring opening distributions with the carriers, creating and actualizing the wellbeing the executives frameworks andâ keeping the fire teams completely prepared. For instance, this is a vigorously directed zone so we work intimately with the Civil Aviation Authority. The opposite side of the activity is tied in with dealing with the terminal structures and different offices. This is practically similar to running a strip mall with its emphasis on client care however with exceptional security courses of action. Air termi nal security is a key errand which we run in-house, utilizing around 300 individuals. I likewise have an offices supervisory crew and a designing administrations group that take care of the upkeep of the entire site. ‘In terms of long haul structure and advancement, we set up groups to supervise the arranging of new structure ventures, for example, new providing food outlets, vehicle stops and individuals mover frameworks. This arrangement utilizes the conjectures of traveler numbers and aides our choices about what to assemble and when, and how to pay for it. We have been developing at a pace of around 10 percent a year in the course of the most recent 10 years. In 2000 the air terminal took care of 7.6 million travelers and our development is set to proceed, with a foreseen 10 million travelers expected to go through Birmingham by 2005. This arrangement includes genuine cash; we are discussing a capital arrangement of about  £50 million every year throughout the following 15 years. This is all especially determined by operational necessities. Overseeing and building up the airport’s tasks are colossal difficulties. ‘One of the significant assignments for activities isn't simply to give the framework to the various associations on location â€, for example, carriers, taking care of specialists, retailers, load handlers †yet additionally to give the administration and coordination to them. There are additionally bunches off site, for example, local gatherings, which we liaise with as we work to screen and improve the earth. My own activity is about coordination and setting the wellbeing and client support measures for everybody to cling to. ‘All of us from the various associations attempt to cooperate as a group and there is an incredible network soul here that has developed throughout the years. Everybody needs their own piece to function admirably and the entire thing to function admirably together. We as a whole have an incredible comprehension of everyone’s issues and there is a phenomenal soul of collaboration. ‘The genuine mystery of overseeing tasks, on the off chance that you are ever resting around evening time, is to ensure you have great procedures and strategies set up. We can’t have individuals causing it to up on the spot. Everything must be thoroughly considered and attempted and tried. We invest a lot of energy looking into and creating forms. We must have strategies for flames, departures, bomb dangers, sick travelers and even passings in the terminal. Shockingly, we do have health related crises, to be expected since we have around 30,000 individuals going through the air terminal consistently in the late spring. ‘Another key assignment is operational arranging. We do this on a yearly premise. Operational arranging is tied in with causing the activity as productive as conceivable by turning out to be the way we to can best distribute our foundation to the aircrafts. For instance, we have to conclude who will get the airbridges, who will get certain stands, who will have their travelers transported to the terminal at top occasions, etc. Notwithstanding, you need to recollect that the operational plans are only that and as could be, things turn out badly †plans self-destruct due to plane postponements or mechanical issues, for instance. So we additionally have terminal obligation chiefs whose activity it is to sift through the everyday operational issues. Our group of terminal administrators covers the air terminal 24 hours per day, each day of the week, with one ranking director supervising each move. ‘Many of the things that happen are repeating issues, for example, deferrals or preoccupations and you realize you will wind up with a great deal of travelers sticking around significantly longer than they need to. The activity of the obligation administrator is to organize every one of our endeavors, guaranteeing that the cooking individuals know what’s occurring and ensuring our data administrations individuals know so they can tell the travelers, for instance. The terminal administrators need to keep their own ears and eyes open. Travelers may report that they have seen somebody acting dubiously and the administrators need to comprehend what to do. At the point when travelers get off the plane and their packs are not there, in spite of the fact that it’s the obligation of the aircrafts or their taking care of specialists, our kin may need to get the pieces. At the point when individuals take a stab at taking disallowed things through security, for example, a family treasure with a huge bended sharp edge, we need to disclose calmly to them that they need to leave it with us. ‘ The terminal administrators additionally need to manage significant episodes †things like bomb dangers or, similar to a year ago, when Spanish mentor drivers protested leaving numerous travelers abandoned at the air terminal. The activity of the terminal administrator is to sift through everything and ensure everybody realizes what's going on. It includes a lot of good judgment however it is difficult. In the event that you do a departure, for instance, everybody will be at various stages in the traveler preparing and exceptional status strategies, so when the occurrence is finished, we need to attempt to return them all where they originated from without blending them up or making them start the procedure once more! ‘We have what could be compared to the terminal obligation chiefs caring for the landing strip side: tasks obligation directors. Their activity is tied in with managing the everyday issues, for example, changing stand allotments when deferrals happen or organizing snow freedom on the off chance that we have an abrupt fall. Again designs are set up and everything must be thoroughly considered. We additionally have week by week correspondence gatherings when we get the tasks and obligation supervisors to work with the operational arranging office. ‘Our mission is to be the best territorial air terminal in Europe. To do this we need ceaselessly to attempt to improve all that we do. It sounds straightforward, however it is difficult. For instance, we have practically no limit at top occasions, that is between 7.00 a.m. what's more, 8.00 a.m. what's more, between 5.00 p.m. also, 6.00 p.m. at the point when we are occupied with short-pull European traffic, so we are attempting to urge different carriers to fill in the off-top occasions. This is perfect for long stretch administrators and we currently have trips to South East Asia and America, and simply a year ago we added an Emirates trip to Dubai. This permits us to utilize the center of the day when we have runway and terminal limit and it suits everyone as we would all be able to utilize our offices. ‘Running an air terminal is a captivating and energizing test. No two days are the equivalent. We realize that we can have a genuine effect to our clients, the two travelers and aircrafts, by what we do. We likewise make a significant commitment to the effect on the neighborhood economy by empowering internal venture and fares. As an activities administrator, my responsibility is to cause everything to occur. It’s aâ fantastic opportunity and it truly makes a distinction †its great!’ Long haul issues are for the most part gotten from everyday assignments which are not tended to appropriately and get amassed into a more serious issue. For instance, the repetitive postponements and masterminding snow freedom are basic issues, tasks obligation directors must have a decent arrangement set up so everything is thoroughly considered and secured †maintaining a strategic distance from any unforeseen occasions. Richard can deal with this through week after week correspondence gatherings where the tasks and obligation supervisors work with the operational arranging office. It is through cooperation and correspondence that permits Richard to have a superior diagram of what is as of now happening so long haul plan can be thought off. Another model, the air terminal is attempting to urge different carriers to fill in their off-top occasions to completely use their assets. This is additionally a day

One Of The Biggest Problems Which The United States Is Faced Essays

Perhaps the most concerning issue which the United States is confronted with is adolescent wrongdoing. The explanation specialists feel adolescents submit violations is a result of hazard factors when they were more youthful yet specialists still have not discovered the fundamental motivation behind why adolescents carry out wrongdoings. Some hazard factors related with adolescent wrongdoing are neediness, rehashed presentation to brutality, drugs, simple access to guns, flimsy family life and family brutality, reprobate friend gatherings, and media savagery. Particularly the downfall of family life, the impact of the media on the adolescents today, and the expansion of guns accessible today have assumed a major job in the expansion of adolescents violations. The most well-known hazard factor is the death of the family life furthermore, the expansion in family viciousness. Somewhere in the range of 1976 and 1992 the number of adolescents living in neediness became 42% and this caused an expansion in violations by adolescents. Huge numbers of these adolescent lawbreakers have been mishandled or then again dismissed and they likewise experienced childhood in a solitary parent family unit. Research has discovered that 53% of these kids are bound to be captured, and 38% bound to carry out a vicious wrongdoing as a grown-up, at that point their partners who didn't endure such maltreatment. The side effects of kid misuse are elevated levels of animosity and standoffish conduct also, these youngsters are twice as liable to become adolescent wrongdoers. Additionally inappropriate parental consideration has been connected to misconduct, for example, moms who drink liquor or ingest medications during pregnancy cause their infants to grow up with learning issue, a difficult which drives them to be adolescent lawbreakers. Another hazard factor is the impact of the media on the adolescents of today. Before the time a youngster has arrived at seventh grade, the normal youngster has seen 8,000 killings and 100,000 demonstrations of viciousness on the TV. There is no uncertainty that substantial introduction to broadcast viciousness is one of the reasons for forceful conduct, wrongdoing what's more, viciousness in the public eye. TV brutality influences adolescents of all ages, of the two sexual orientations, at all monetary levels, and all degrees of knowledge. Long haul youth introduction to TV is an easygoing factor behind one portion of the crimes perpetrated by adolescents in the United States. The expanded accessibility of weapons has had a major influence in raising the quantity of violations submitted by adolescents. In Los Angeles adolescent misconduct cases including weapon infringement developed by 86% from 1988 to 1992, which was all the more then some other sort of adolescent offense. As per a University of Michigan study found that 270,000 weapons go with auxiliary school understudies to class day by day. This is frightening since it shows what number of more adolescents are conveying weapons and the adolescent utilization of firearms in crimes has expanded from 65 to 80 percent from 1987 to 1991. The ownership of guns plays a major reason in the misconduct of kids and is assuming a greater job in the wrongdoings which adolescents submit. Another reason for the expansion of adolescent wrongdoings has been the impact of youngsters seeing different killings and different demonstrations of savagery on the TV. At long last the death of the family life and the expansion in family savagery has been the greatest factor in the expansion of adolescent wrongdoing.

How to Make Silver Polishing Dip

The most effective method to Make Silver Polishing Dip As silver oxidizes, it will discolor. This layer of oxidation can be expelled without cleaning and scouring by basically dunking your silver in this non-poisonous electrochemical plunge. Another enormous favorable position to utilizing a plunge is that the fluid can arrive at places a cleaning fabric can't. This is a simple investigation and takes negligible minutes! Silver Polish Ingredients Sink or glass panHot waterBaking sodaSaltAluminum foilTarnished silver Step by step instructions to Remove Silver Tarnish Line the base of the sink or a glass heating dish with a sheet of aluminum foil.Fill the foil-fixed holder with steaming hot water.Add salt (sodium chloride) and preparing pop (sodium bicarbonate) to the water. A few plans call for 2 teaspoons of heating pop and 1 teaspoon of salt, while others call for 2 tablespoons every one of preparing pop and salt. No compelling reason to quantify the sums - simply include a touch of each substance.Drop the silver things into the compartment so they are contacting one another and laying on the foil. You will have the option to watch the stain disappear.Leave intensely discolored things in the answer for up to 5 minutes. Something else, expel the silver when it shows up clean.Rinse the silver with water and delicately buff it dry with a delicate towel.Ideally, you should store your silver in a low-dampness condition. You can put a compartment of enacted charcoal or a bit of chalk in the capacity zone to limit future stain. Tips for Success Use care when cleaning or plunging silver plated things. It is anything but difficult to erode the slim layer of silver and cause more mischief than anything through over-cleaning.Minimize presenting your silver to substances that contain sulfur (e.g., mayonnaise, eggs, mustard, onions, latex, fleece) in light of the fact that the sulfur will cause corrosion.Using your silver flatware/holloware or wearing silver gems assists with keeping it liberated from discolor.

Counselors vs. Counseling Psychologists

Counselors vs. Counseling Psychologists Student Resources Careers Print Counselor and a Counseling Psychologist Differences By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 10, 2020 Tetra Images/Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips While counselors and counseling psychologists perform a lot of similar duties, there are actually a number of important differences between the two professions. Both professions are focused on helping people live better lives, but counselors and counseling psychologists have different educational backgrounds and often work in different settings. Key Similarities There are a number of important similarities between counselors and counseling psychologists: Both are mental health practitionersBoth can provide psychotherapyBoth may specialize in a particular area, such as working with children, adults, or couplesBoth help clients improve well-beingBoth work in diverse areas including hospitals, government offices, mental health clinics, academic settings, and private practice Differences So how exactly do counselors and counseling psychologists differ? Some of the major differences are in educational levels, the scope of practice, and work settings. Counselors Usually have a masters degreeOften address emotional and relationship issuesOften work in school or career settingsAre not trained to provide psychological testingTreat clients by providing talk therapy Counseling Psychologists Have a doctorate degreeTend to treat more serious forms of mental illnessOften found in medical and mental health clinicsTrained to provide diagnosis and psychological testing Education and Training Differences One of the major differences can be seen in the educational and training requirements for each profession. Counselor Educational Requirements Counselors generally have at minimum a masters degree in either counseling or psychology. Most masters programs require 60 credit hours of study. Those who become licensed professional counselors are required to pass a national professional exam and complete a specified number of supervised hours in the field. One of the attractions of counseling programs is that they require less time to complete than a doctorate, allowing students to enter the workforce faster. Another reason why such programs appeal to students is that some allow for part-time study, making it possible for students to remain employed in their current jobs while they earn a masters degree. Counseling Psychologist Educational Requirements Counseling psychologists, on the other hand, hold a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D. degree in counseling psychology. Such programs tend to include a greater focus on research than is typically seen in masters level counseling programs. Such programs usually take five years to complete. The first four years are complete required courses, research, clinical experiences, and a dissertation. The fifth-year is usually spent doing a supervised internship in the field. Accreditation and Licensing In many cases, both counseling psychology and counseling programs are housed within a universitys College of Education (although not always). Counseling programs and counseling psychology programs also receive accreditation from different accrediting bodies. In the United States, counseling programs are accredited through the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) and counseling psychology programs are accredited through the American Psychological Association (APA). It is important to note that both counselors and psychologists must be licensed to practice within the state where they work. In order to become licensed, counselors and psychologists must meet specific education, training, and testing criteria established by the state. This includes meeting a minimum education level, completing required supervised experience hours, and passing state certification exams. Scope of Practice Another key difference between counselors and counseling psychologists can be seen in the type of duties they usually perform. While counseling psychologists often conduct psychological assessments and administer diagnostic tests to clients, counselors are sometimes limited in terms of the tests they are able to administer. State laws may dictate which type of assessments a counselor can offer and may require that the administration of such tests be supervised by a psychologist. Counseling psychologists may also work with individuals suffering from more serious forms of mental illness than counselors. More general emotional, relationship, social, and academic problems are often referred to counselors because they are sometimes able to offer more cost-effective treatments. However, both types of professionals offer important mental health services designed to help people overcome problems and optimize their well-being. Counselors often choose to focus on a specialty area such as school counseling, career counseling, marriage and family counseling, mental health counseling, and addictions counseling. Similarly, counseling psychologists often elect to specialize in a particular area such as substance abuse, child development, health psychology, community psychology, crisis intervention, or developmental disabilities. A Word From Verywell While counselors and counseling psychologists perform many similar job duties in the field of mental health, it is important to be aware of the differences between the two professions. If you are thinking about entering one of these fields, you will need to determine which one is right for you and adjust your educational plan to meet those expectations. If you are looking for mental health services, you should talk to your doctor about what type of mental health professional might be right for your needs. Seeing a counselor might be a great choice in some situations, while in other cases, such as if you need treatment for a more serious mental health condition, you might need to see a psychologist or psychiatrist. How to Find the Right Therapist

Renaissance Polyphony - Free Essay Example

Renaissance Polyphony: The Foundation of Modern Western Music Renaissance Polyphony: The Foundation of Modern Western Music The music of the Renaissance was essentially the beginning of all modern musical thought- the first to truly integrate various forms of harmony with definite structure. The music provided rapid and significant advancements in harmony within western music, evolving from the parallel lines of Ars Nova and culminating in the base ingredients for tonality and monodic chord analysis all in a relatively short period of two hundred years. The evolution of Renaissance polyphony expanded tonal harmony through the use of multiple voices and their interval relationships, established aural and music technicality conventions, and provided the groundwork for all tonality based western music. The foundation of Renaissance polyphony can be found in the organum of the eleventh century and more specifically in the ars nova which came to prominence in the fourteenth century. Organum briefly appeared in the tenth century but was dismissed by the Catholic Church and did not become popular until the eleventh century. Organum was the first notable use of harmony in the western world and was the first genre to more than one voice part (in this case, two). Composers took melodies from Gregorian chant and extended them harmonically with parallel fifths and especially parallel fourths. The intervals of the perfect fourth, fifth, and octave were considered the only concords during this period and use of other intervals was considered cacophonous. Later organum used stepwise motion within the mode of the composition to reach the concord interval as well as to move in oblique motion to end in a unison. Organum from the Notre Dame school based out of Paris in the thirteenth century even created the first contrary motion, with one voice moving from unison upward a step and the other downward by a minor third to form a perfect fourth interval (Ferguson, 46-47). From late organum the ideas of Ars Nova were established, becoming standardized and prevalent through the writings of composers and music theorists Marchetto of Padua and Phillip de Vitry. Vitry coined the term Ars Nova, which means â€Å"new art†, in a music theory essay in order to separate the concept from Ars Antiqua, a reference to music before harmony (Pirrotta). Ars Nova was founded upon three new principles, the first two of which are still felt today (in non-serialist music). The first is the concordance of third and sixth intervals, which became the basis for all modern tonal music. It was also during this period, particularly within the writings of Walter Odington, where the harmonious aspects of major and minor thirds were first theorized. The second principle is the minimal use of parallel fifths, fourths, and octaves. This ban on the use of parallel fifths and octaves is still prominent today. Finally, the third principle of Ars Nova is the allowance of small amounts of discord. Discord was used both for the purpose of creating small amounts of tension and release but mostly for passing motion between consonant intervals. Discord was not encouraged, however, and was permitted on the weaker beats of a piece only (Ferguson, 70-72). As Ars Nova moved forward into the early Renaissance it began to expand harmonically to include more oblique and similar motion. This new concept is referred to as polyphony, or two or more voices moving in melodic independence. Though Ars Nova also had independent voice movement, the newer polyphony had differed in style and complexity. The new style of polyphony contained both more voices and more variety in its use of harmony between melody lines (more variety in the intervals between voices). The use of modes in music theory was beginning to shift as well, moving from the 12 modes used by the Greeks and in the Middle Ages to the 8 modes considered in modern tonality (Reese, 185). These were further expanded with the formal introduction of the accidental in the late fourteenth century into the early Renaissance. The accidental had been used sparingly for centuries, either lower the seventh scale degree a half step to avoid the tritone with the fourth degree or to accent the third and sixth scale degrees tendency to resolve to a perfect interval, but found universal use and acceptance only in the (Pirrotta). The early Renaissance polyphonic music was the first true overlap of secular music into uses in sacred music. It became common for composers to use secular tunes as a basis for their melodies, often not even altering them. Composers then layered their compositions with contrapuncture, often with those second melodies chopping and splicing the original melody. Secular tunes even became the basis for many sixteenth century masses.. The practice of using folk melodies continued on after the Renaissance (though theoretically banned with the Council of Trent), especially in nationalist and traditionalist composers in the twentieth century. The undeniable master of involving secular music in sacred polyphony was Josquin des Pres, who based almost all his sacred music compositions on secular tunes. Josquin was born around the year 1450 and was culturally French, though originally of Flemish decent. He was a member of the Papal Choir for 8 years and served as maestro to various cathedrals throughout Milan and Cologne, among others. Notably works included his 16 masses, which were composed in a paraphrase mass style, and his 61 motets. Musically Josquin is inarguably considered the finest composer of the middle Renaissance (Reece, 235). The early Renaissance polyphony was the first to utilize many other concepts of tonal music theory. The music of the early period was the first to place emphasis on the cadence at the end of a composition. This was usually done either with the use of stepwise motion downward in the tenor voice or with the leading tone (raised 7th step) in the highest voice going to tonic, with all voices ending in unison or octaves. Rhythmic innovations included the first use of tuplets, which used abnormal divisions of the beat contrary to the key signature. The most common combination was using triplet rhythms into simple meter, such as three notes divided into two beats. The most significant form of composition for the majority of the Renaissance was the Mass, a sacred choral composition which bases around six main sections as well as smaller vocal bits. Many of the masses of the day were composed around a lead tenor who sung a cantus firmus, the melody and most often a tune taken from Gregorian chant, with polyphonic harmonies independent of the melody provided by the choir. By the middle of the fifteenth century cyclic masses, which had a unified cantus firmus through each of the main six movements, became popular. By the middle of the sixteenth century the mass had been surpassed by the motet, which was a multiple voiced choral composition but with reliance on a central cantus firmus. Moving into the sixteenth century the melodic lines of the counterpoint began to become more isorhythmic and the polyphony more complex. Composers began to experiment with multiple melodies layered isorhythmically and having more independence between the voices. The modal system continued to decline due to the expanded use of accidentals and modulation. The Ionian mode (now considered major) and Aeolian mode (now considered natural minor) took what would become permanent dominance in this period, with the other 6 modes falling into the background. The music of the middle and later Renaissance was greatly impacted by the advancement of new printing technology, which allowed mass produced, accurate copies of music to be sold and distributed throughout civilized Europe (Furgeson, 123). This allowed new musical ideas to be accurately transported and shared throughout the European continent. Additionally the use of printed music led to a standardized music notation technique, such as the introduction of standard oval notes for music as compared to square shaped noteheads and standard clef designs (Reese, 289). Coinciding with the advancement of printing technology came a rise in the prominence of the patronage system in music. This increased the impact of individual composers, giving them more value and power in the music market. This also lead to a slight variance away from the secularly based music of composers like Josquin as composers no longer needed to find approval from the general population but instead from small groups of associates, contemporaries, and patrons (Ferguson, 118). Both the system of patronage and the growing division of secular and sacred music would culminate in the later Renaissance with the Council of Trent and the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent had tremendous impact on the music of the middle and late Renaissance. The Protestant Reformation divided the realm of sacred music, allowing music in the Protestant north (particularly England) and Catholic south to take separate directions. A meeting of church officials known as the Council of Trent was formed to discuss grievances within the church. The Council of Trent was essentially a Counter-Reformation effort from the Catholic Church to fix problems within the church and hinder the growth of Protestantism. The Council had both positive and negative effects on composers of Catholic sacred music in the era. Artistic integrity was diminished greatly by the Council since the delegation found the new, more complex polyphony being composed was taking away emphasis from the text and banned the practice (Reese, 448-451). However, the Council of Trent also led to an increase in Catholic patronage in music, though composers were slightly censored by the restraints of the new polyphonic laws of the Council of Trent. The Council of Trent unintentionally caused the sacred music of the late Renaissance to have a stronger focus on melody instead of contrapuncture. As composers emphasized less complex rhythm, the music of the late Renaissance became more homophonic, a trend that would continue after the Renaissance with counterpoint. Additionally dissonances were approached more methodically, only allowed in quarter note sequences on off beats. Suspensions and other ornamentations were strictly bound with rules not common in earlier Renaissance music (Reese, 460). This strict use of rules and resolutions of dissonances would later become the foundation to strict counterpoint and the music of the Baroque period. These changes in music impacted mostly Catholic populated areas such as Italy and Spain, but had minor impacts on Protestant Europe. These rules had the largest impact in the Roman school of composition, which was mastered by and molded around the works of Giovanni Palestrina. Giovanni Palestrina was the pinnacle of a Renaissance period composer. He was born just outside of Rome, music capital of the later Renaissance, around the year 1525 and was studying music at the Papal Basilica by the age of 12. At age 26 he was appointed maestro di cappella of the Popes choir t St. Peters Basilica and both led and composed for the choir. His music was the ideal product of the Council of Trent and not only had many pieces commissioned to â€Å"justify† the Councils statements but was given the task of cleansing all of the Churchs music of impurities. Inarguably his greatest works are his 105 masses, which are textbook examples of the aforementioned late Renaissance composition standards (Reese, 469). His death in 1594 seemingly heralded the end of Renaissance music into the beginnings of the Baroque period. From the last music of the Renaissance a compositional revolution took place that shook all know structure in music theory. The monodic revolution, as it is called, recreated the way music was analyzed. Instead of examining music from the contrapunctal multiple melodies of polyphony, monodic music theory analyzed compositions as a series of consecutive chords, or a combination of pitches related harmonically (Fergusun, 154-55). This paradigm shift took many years to full integrate, particularly in areas where polyphony flourished, such as Rome. Other cities which had never had a particularly strong school of polyphonic composition, such as Florence, adapted quickly to the monodic style (Gray, 124-125). The first practical integration of the chord based system came in the emerging new frontier of opera, a genre which would eventually grow to become the largest source of entertainment in Europe. Furthermore the monodic system has made polyphony essentially obsolete, with the exception of a few cases of traditional revivalism. This monodic chord system became the basis for the concept of tonalized music, which became dominant in orchestral music through the middle of the twentieth century and still continues to be dominant today in popular music. Twentieth century modern music and music theory differentiated itself from its predecessors in the dichotomy between the music theory of classical works (or â€Å"modernist†) and that of the emerged mainstream popular music. Even within modern orchestral music a separation occurred between the post-Romantic and neoclassical against a new compositional technique known as serialism. Post-Romantic and neoclassical music, which found its basis in the tonal music of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, maintained strong ties to the intervals of thirds and sixths as well as retaining much of the monodic format from the late Renaissance and early Baroque, though much more experimental. A more experimental compositional technique called serialism came into prominence in the middle 20th century. Serialism emphasized chromaticism by using either all twelve tones or a non-tonal series of notes in a matrix and arranging them almost mathematically in different series. However, since serialist composers had theory training in traditional tonality, often works had traditionalist influences (coming from the late Renaissance) along with their modern serialist and experimental elements (Born 293-295). The impact of late Renaissance music is even more noticeable in modern popularized music. Popular music, also known as commercial music, combines Afro-rhythmic syncopation with the third based tonal or monodic system. The chords used in the popular music genre of jazz are completely based around the interval of the third, specifically compounding multiple thirds to create 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths. The eight modes standardized in the Renaissance reemerged in middle to late twentieth century modal jazz, particularly the Dorian mode built on the second scale degree. Popular music, with the exception of more experimental jazz music, almost exclusively follows the series of chord relationships and rules perfected by Palestrina and the late Renaissance composers. The impact of the patronage system which began in the middle and late Renaissance can be seen in the rise of modern popular music. Composers during and after the Renaissance earned a significant amount of their income from private patronage, which held the composers accountable to their financiers more than to the attitude of the general public. This separation from public opinion paved the way for a new commercial and â€Å"popular music† that came into prominence in the twentieth century. Popular music found its base in capitalism rather than patronage and provided a music for the common person disregarded in the patronage system. The music composed during the Renaissance and particularly the late Renaissance laid down the foundation for the development of the vertical, chord based system of music theory and music composition as well as brought tonality to western music which is still at the base for much of modern music. The compositions of the Renaissance not only touched millions of listeners during its popularity but continues to affect millions around the world today with its reach into the modern world. Works Cited Born, Georgina. Modern Music Culture: On Shock, Pop, and Synthesis. Ed. Simon Frith. Popular Music. Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 2004. Google Books. Web. 12 April 2010. Furgeson, Donald N. A Short History of Music. New York: Fs Crofts and, 1943. Print. Gray, Cecil. The History of Music. 7th ed. London: Lund Humphries, 1947. Print. Jeppesen, Knud, Alfred Mann, and Glen Haydon. Counterpoint: The Polyphonic Vocal Style of the Sixteenth Century. New York: Dover Publications, 1992. Google Books. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Pirrotta, Nino. Musica Disciplina 9 (1955): 57-71. JSTOR. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance. New York: WW Norton and, 1954. Print.

The Role Of Gender And The Ability For One s Mind At...

Memory is the faculty of the brain that stores information for later recall, it is the brain function that allows us as humans to learn and remember information. Brain function is prevalently influenced by gender in many aspects; contrasting performance between male and females in various memory tasks has been observed in numerous studies over time (Andreano Cahill 2009). Men forgetting important dates such as birthdays or an anniversary and women not remembering their way to a certain place or address is a very stereotypical view of gender differences in memory (Hermann, Crawford Holdsworth 1992). However, various studies have in fact shown there is a significant relationship between gender and the ability for one’s mind to store and remember information (Andreano Cahill 2009). For example remembering certain experiences and specific events including memory of times, places and associated emotions, as well as visuospatial processing relating to the visual perception of spa tial relationships among objects (e.g. remembering the way out of a maze) (Andreano Cahill 2009). Researchers have discovered that women consistently excel in memory tasks requiring verbal episodic memory, whereas men typically outperform women in visuospatial, non-linguistic related tasks (Herlitz and Rehnman 2008). Some studies have also found that when both verbal and visuospatial processing is required differences result in the favour of women (Herlitz Rehnman 2008). This topic will beShow MoreRelatedTechnology And The Future Workforce Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesworkforce must be able to open their minds to what achievements can be made when technology and nature are no longer separate. 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